Two of the state ballot measures were also included in the September survey Propositions 27 and 30 , while Proposition 26 was not. This measure would allow in-person sports betting at racetracks and tribal casinos, requiring that racetracks and casinos offering sports betting make certain payments to the state to support state regulatory costs.

It also allows roulette and dice games at tribal casinos and adds a new way to enforce certain state gambling laws. Fewer than half of likely voters say the outcome of each of these state propositions is very important to them.

Today, 21 percent of likely voters say the outcome of Prop 26 is very important, 31 percent say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important, and 42 percent say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important.

Today, when it comes to the importance of the outcome of Prop 26, one in four or fewer across partisan groups say it is very important to them.

About one in three across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 27 is very important to them. Fewer than half across partisan groups say the outcome of Prop 30 is very important to them.

When asked how they would vote if the election for the US House of Representatives were held today, 56 percent of likely voters say they would vote for or lean toward the Democratic candidate, while 39 percent would vote for or lean toward the Republican candidate. Democratic candidates are preferred by a point margin in Democratic-held districts, while Republican candidates are preferred by a point margin in Republican-held districts. Abortion is another prominent issue in this election.

When asked about the importance of abortion rights, 61 percent of likely voters say the issue is very important in determining their vote for Congress and another 20 percent say it is somewhat important; just 17 percent say it is not too or not at all important. With the controlling party in Congress hanging in the balance, 51 percent of likely voters say they are extremely or very enthusiastic about voting for Congress this year; another 29 percent are somewhat enthusiastic while 19 percent are either not too or not at all enthusiastic.

Today, Democrats and Republicans have about equal levels of enthusiasm, while independents are much less likely to be extremely or very enthusiastic. As Californians prepare to vote in the upcoming midterm election, fewer than half of adults and likely voters are satisfied with the way democracy is working in the United States—and few are very satisfied. Satisfaction was higher in our February survey when 53 percent of adults and 48 percent of likely voters were satisfied with democracy in America.

Today, half of Democrats and about four in ten independents are satisfied, compared to about one in five Republicans. Notably, four in ten Republicans are not at all satisfied. In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences.

Forty-nine percent are optimistic, while 46 percent are pessimistic. Today, in a rare moment of bipartisan agreement, about four in ten Democrats, Republicans, and independents are optimistic that Americans of different political views will be able to come together.

Notably, in , half or more across parties, regions, and demographic groups were optimistic. Today, about eight in ten Democrats—compared to about half of independents and about one in ten Republicans—approve of Governor Newsom. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve of how Governor Newsom is handling his job. Approval of Congress among adults has been below 40 percent for all of after seeing a brief run above 40 percent for all of Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to approve of Congress.

Fewer than half across regions and demographic groups approve of Congress. Approval in March was at 44 percent for adults and 39 percent for likely voters. Across demographic groups, about half or more approve among women, younger adults, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos. Views are similar across education and income groups, with just fewer than half approving.

Approval in March was at 41 percent for adults and 36 percent for likely voters. Across regions, approval reaches a majority only in the San Francisco Bay Area. Across demographic groups, approval reaches a majority only among African Americans. This map highlights the five geographic regions for which we present results; these regions account for approximately 90 percent of the state population. Residents of other geographic areas in gray are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately.

The PPIC Statewide Survey is directed by Mark Baldassare, president and CEO and survey director at the Public Policy Institute of California. Coauthors of this report include survey analyst Deja Thomas, who was the project manager for this survey; associate survey director and research fellow Dean Bonner; and survey analyst Rachel Lawler.

The Californians and Their Government survey is supported with funding from the Arjay and Frances F. Findings in this report are based on a survey of 1, California adult residents, including 1, interviewed on cell phones and interviewed on landline telephones.

The sample included respondents reached by calling back respondents who had previously completed an interview in PPIC Statewide Surveys in the last six months. Interviews took an average of 19 minutes to complete. Interviewing took place on weekend days and weekday nights from October 14—23, Cell phone interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of cell phone numbers.

Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of cell phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All cell phone numbers with California area codes were eligible for selection. After a cell phone user was reached, the interviewer verified that this person was age 18 or older, a resident of California, and in a safe place to continue the survey e. Cell phone respondents were offered a small reimbursement to help defray the cost of the call. Cell phone interviews were conducted with adults who have cell phone service only and with those who have both cell phone and landline service in the household.

Landline interviews were conducted using a computer-generated random sample of telephone numbers that ensured that both listed and unlisted numbers were called. Additionally, we utilized a registration-based sample RBS of landline phone numbers for adults who are registered to vote in California. All landline telephone exchanges in California were eligible for selection. For both cell phones and landlines, telephone numbers were called as many as eight times.

When no contact with an individual was made, calls to a number were limited to six. Also, to increase our ability to interview Asian American adults, we made up to three additional calls to phone numbers estimated by Survey Sampling International as likely to be associated with Asian American individuals.

Accent on Languages, Inc. The survey sample was closely comparable to the ACS figures. To estimate landline and cell phone service in California, Abt Associates used state-level estimates released by the National Center for Health Statistics—which used data from the National Health Interview Survey NHIS and the ACS. The estimates for California were then compared against landline and cell phone service reported in this survey. We also used voter registration data from the California Secretary of State to compare the party registration of registered voters in our sample to party registration statewide.

The sampling error, taking design effects from weighting into consideration, is ±3. This means that 95 times out of , the results will be within 3. The sampling error for unweighted subgroups is larger: for the 1, registered voters, the sampling error is ±4.

For the sampling errors of additional subgroups, please see the table at the end of this section. Sampling error is only one type of error to which surveys are subject. Results may also be affected by factors such as question wording, question order, and survey timing.

We present results for five geographic regions, accounting for approximately 90 percent of the state population. Residents of other geographic areas are included in the results reported for all adults, registered voters, and likely voters, but sample sizes for these less-populous areas are not large enough to report separately. We also present results for congressional districts currently held by Democrats or Republicans, based on residential zip code and party of the local US House member.

We compare the opinions of those who report they are registered Democrats, registered Republicans, and no party preference or decline-to-state or independent voters; the results for those who say they are registered to vote in other parties are not large enough for separate analysis.

We also analyze the responses of likely voters—so designated per their responses to survey questions about voter registration, previous election participation, intentions to vote this year, attention to election news, and current interest in politics. The percentages presented in the report tables and in the questionnaire may not add to due to rounding.

Additional details about our methodology can be found at www. pdf and are available upon request through surveys ppic. October 14—23, 1, California adult residents; 1, California likely voters English, Spanish.

Margin of error ±3. Percentages may not add up to due to rounding. Overall, do you approve or disapprove of the way that Gavin Newsom is handling his job as governor of California? from du -h. Know how keys work -t and -k. In particular, watch out that you need to write -k1,1 to sort by only the first field; -k1 means sort according to the whole line. Stable sort sort -s can be useful. For example, to sort first by field 2, then secondarily by field 1, you can use sort -k1,1 sort -s -k2,2.

If you ever need to write a tab literal in a command line in Bash e. The standard tools for patching source code are diff and patch. See also diffstat for summary statistics of a diff and sdiff for a side-by-side diff. Note diff -r works for entire directories. Use diff -r tree1 tree2 diffstat for a summary of changes. Use vimdiff to compare and edit files. For binary files, use hd , hexdump or xxd for simple hex dumps and bvi , hexedit or biew for binary editing.

Also for binary files, strings plus grep , etc. lets you find bits of text. To convert text encodings, try iconv. Or uconv for more advanced use; it supports some advanced Unicode things. For example:. To split files into pieces, see split to split by size and csplit to split by a pattern. To manipulate date and time expressions, use dateadd , datediff , strptime etc. from dateutils. Use zless , zmore , zcat , and zgrep to operate on compressed files. File attributes are settable via chattr and offer a lower-level alternative to file permissions.

Use getfacl and setfacl to save and restore file permissions. For web debugging, curl and curl -I are handy, or their wget equivalents, or the more modern httpie.

Use iostat -mxz 15 for basic CPU and detailed per-partition disk stats and performance insight. For a quick overview of what's happening on a system, dstat is especially useful. For broadest overview with details, use glances. To know memory status, run and understand the output of free and vmstat. In particular, be aware the "cached" value is memory held by the Linux kernel as file cache, so effectively counts toward the "free" value. The JDK's jps , jstat , jstack , jmap are useful.

SJK tools are more advanced. Use mtr as a better traceroute, to identify network issues. To find which socket or process is using bandwidth, try iftop or nethogs. The ab tool comes with Apache is helpful for quick-and-dirty checking of web server performance. For more complex load testing, try siege. For more serious network debugging, wireshark , tshark , or ngrep. Know about strace and ltrace. These can be helpful if a program is failing, hanging, or crashing, and you don't know why, or if you want to get a general idea of performance.

Note the profiling option -c , and the ability to attach to a running process -p. Use trace child option -f to avoid missing important calls. Know about ldd to check shared libraries etc — but never run it on untrusted files.

Know how to connect to a running process with gdb and get its stack traces. It's amazingly helpful sometimes when debugging live problems. When debugging why something went wrong in the past, sar can be very helpful. It shows historic statistics on CPU, memory, network, etc.

For deeper systems and performance analyses, look at stap SystemTap , perf , and sysdig. Use dmesg whenever something's acting really funny it could be hardware or driver issues.

If you delete a file and it doesn't free up expected disk space as reported by du , check whether the file is in use by a process: lsof grep deleted grep "filename-of-my-big-file". Use grep. Summing all numbers in the third column of a text file this is probably 3X faster and 3X less code than equivalent Python :.

To continuously monitor changes, use watch , e. check changes to files in a directory with watch -d -n 2 'ls -rtlh tail' or to network settings while troubleshooting your wifi settings with watch -d -n 2 ifconfig.

Run this function to get a random tip from this document parses Markdown and extracts an item :. expr : perform arithmetic or boolean operations or evaluate regular expressions. printenv : print out environment variables useful in debugging and scripts. gpg : encrypt and sign files. socat : socket relay and tcp port forwarder similar to netcat.

slurm : network traffic visualization. tree : display directories and subdirectories as a nesting tree; like ls but recursive. timeout : execute a command for specified amount of time and stop the process when the specified amount of time completes. lockfile : create semaphore file that can only be removed by rm -f. when-changed : runs any command you specify whenever it sees file changed. See inotifywait and entr as well. sponge : read all input before writing it, useful for reading from then writing to the same file, e.

ab or wrk : benchmarking web servers. mtr : better traceroute for network debugging. wireshark and tshark : packet capture and network debugging. ngrep : grep for the network layer. glances : high level, multi-subsystem overview. sar : historic system stats. iftop or nethogs : network utilization by socket or process. lshw , lscpu , lspci , lsusb , dmidecode : hardware information, including CPU, BIOS, RAID, graphics, devices, etc.

fortune , ddate , and sl : um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful". These can be used to install on macOS many of the above commands. Copy output of any command to a desktop app with pbcopy and paste input from one with pbpaste. To enable the Option key in macOS Terminal as an alt key such as used in the commands above like alt-b , alt-f , etc.

Spotlight: Search files with mdfind and list metadata such as photo EXIF info with mdls. Be aware macOS is based on BSD Unix, and many commands for example ps , ls , tail , awk , sed have many subtle variations from Linux, which is largely influenced by System V-style Unix and GNU tools. You can often tell the difference by noting a man page has the heading "BSD General Commands Manual.

If writing cross-platform Bash scripts, avoid such commands for example, consider Python or perl or test carefully. Access the power of the Unix shell under Microsoft Windows by installing Cygwin. Most of the things described in this document will work out of the box. On Windows 10, you can use Windows Subsystem for Linux WSL , which provides a familiar Bash environment with Unix command line utilities.

If you mainly want to use GNU developer tools such as GCC on Windows, consider MinGW and its MSYS package, which provides utilities such as bash, gawk, make and grep. MSYS doesn't have all the features compared to Cygwin.

MinGW is particularly useful for creating native Windows ports of Unix tools. Another option to get Unix look and feel under Windows is Cash. Note that only very few Unix commands and command-line options are available in this environment. You can perform and script most Windows system administration tasks from the command line by learning and using wmic.

Native command-line Windows networking tools you may find useful include ping , ipconfig , tracert , and netstat. You can perform many useful Windows tasks by invoking the Rundll32 command. Run cygstart to open an arbitrary file through its registered application. Convert between Cygwin and Windows-style file paths with cygpath. This is most useful in scripts that invoke Windows programs. With the exception of very small tasks, code is written so others can read it.

With power comes responsibility. The fact you can do something in Bash doesn't necessarily mean you should! This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4. You can easily edit, annotate and share the notes. Add Zoom. Add Google Meet. Add Microsoft Teams. Access Otter anywhere Capture all of your important conversations and meetings, whether in-person, hybrid, mobile, or virtual.

Otter Assistant integrates with Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet while storing all notes in one central, secure, and accessible place. Get smarter with Otter Otter's transcription AI technology is built to get smarter and better understand your conversations over time - applying speaker identification, custom vocabulary, and advanced summary so you can work and collaborate smarter.

Suggested speakers. Brian Colby. Scott Michael. Which Otter is right for you? Get the most out of your meetings. Otter empowers everyone to engage and be more productive in meetings with real time automated notes and audio transcription.

Help students and faculty succeed. Otter provides faculty and students with real time captions and notes for in-person and virtual lectures, classes or meetings. For all your needs. Otter has you covered with real-time voice transcription and features to empower more productive interactions. Katie Tabeling. After four years I finally broke down

Work fast with our official CLI. Learn more. Please sign in to use Codespaces. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. If nothing happens, download Xcode and try again. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. Note: I'm planning to revise this and looking for a new co-author to help with expanding this into a more comprehensive guide. While it's very popular, it could be broader and a bit deeper. If you like to write and are close to being an expert on this material and willing to consider helping, please drop me a note at josh 0x40 holloway.

Thank you! Fluency on the command line is a skill often neglected or considered arcane, but it improves your flexibility and productivity as an engineer in both obvious and subtle ways. This is a selection of notes and tips on using the command-line that we've found useful when working on Linux. Some tips are elementary, and some are fairly specific, sophisticated, or obscure.

This page is not long, but if you can use and recall all the items here, you know a lot. This work is the result of many authors and translators. Some of this originally appeared on Quora , but it has since moved to GitHub, where people more talented than the original author have made numerous improvements.

Please submit a question if you have a question related to the command line. Please contribute if you see an error or something that could be better! Learn basic Bash. Actually, type man bash and at least skim the whole thing; it's pretty easy to follow and not that long. Alternate shells can be nice, but Bash is powerful and always available learning only zsh, fish, etc.

Learn at least one text-based editor well. The nano editor is one of the simplest for basic editing opening, editing, saving, searching. However, for the power user in a text terminal, there is no substitute for Vim vi , the hard-to-learn but venerable, fast, and full-featured editor. Many people also use the classic Emacs, particularly for larger editing tasks. Of course, any modern software developer working on an extensive project is unlikely to use only a pure text-based editor and should also be familiar with modern graphical IDEs and tools.

Learn about stdout and stderr. and [ See more on variable expansion below. Know ssh , and the basics of passwordless authentication, via ssh-agent , ssh-add , etc. For filesystem management, df , mount , fdisk , mkfs , lsblk. Learn what an inode is ls -i or df -i. Basic network management: ip or ifconfig , dig , traceroute , route. The -i , -o , -v , -A , -B , and -C options are worth knowing. Learn to use apt-get , yum , dnf or pacman depending on distro to find and install packages.

And make sure you have pip to install Python-based command-line tools a few below are easiest to install via pip. In Bash, use Tab to complete arguments or list all available commands and ctrl-r to search through command history after pressing, type to search, press ctrl-r repeatedly to cycle through more matches, press Enter to execute the found command, or hit the right arrow to put the result in the current line to allow editing.

In Bash, use ctrl-w to delete the last word, and ctrl-u to delete the content from current cursor back to the start of the line. Use alt-b and alt-f to move by word, ctrl-a to move cursor to beginning of line, ctrl-e to move cursor to end of line, ctrl-k to kill to the end of the line, ctrl-l to clear the screen. See man readline for all the default keybindings in Bash.

There are a lot. For example alt-. Alternatively, if you love vi-style key-bindings, use set -o vi and set -o emacs to put it back. Or in vi style, escape-v. To see recent commands, use history. Follow with! n where n is the command number to execute again. There are also many abbreviations you can use, the most useful probably being!

for last command see "HISTORY EXPANSION" in the man page. However, these are often easily replaced with ctrl-r and alt-. Go to your home directory with cd. Access files relative to your home directory with the ~ prefix e. If you are halfway through typing a command but change your mind, hit alt- to add a at the beginning and enter it as a comment or use ctrl-a , , enter. You can then return to it later via command history. Use xargs or parallel. It's very powerful.

Note you can control how many items execute per line -L as well as parallelism -P. If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use xargs echo first.

Also, -I{} is handy. Use pgrep and pkill to find or signal processes by name -f is helpful. Know the various signals you can send processes. For example, to suspend a process, use kill -STOP [pid]. For the full list, see man 7 signal. Use nohup or disown if you want a background process to keep running forever. Check what processes are listening via netstat -lntp or ss -plat for TCP; add -u for UDP or lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN -P -n which also works on macOS. See uptime or w to know how long the system has been running.

Use alias to create shortcuts for commonly used commands. bashrc , and arrange for login shells to source it. This will make your setup available in all your shell sessions.

Separate configuration will be needed for shells you launch from graphical environment logins and cron jobs. Synchronize your configuration files e. bashrc and. Understand that care is needed when variables and filenames include whitespace.

Surround your Bash variables with quotes, e. Prefer the -0 or -print0 options to enable null characters to delimit filenames, e. In Bash scripts, use set -x or the variant set -v , which logs raw input, including unexpanded variables and comments for debugging output. Use strict modes unless you have a good reason not to: Use set -e to abort on errors nonzero exit code.

Use set -u to detect unset variable usages. Consider set -o pipefail too, to abort on errors within pipes though read up on it more if you do, as this topic is a bit subtle. For more involved scripts, also use trap on EXIT or ERR. A useful habit is to start a script like this, which will make it detect and abort on common errors and print a message:. In Bash, note there are lots of kinds of variable expansion. error message}.

Sequences: { txt prints foo. Brace expansion using { This is helpful in examples like mv foo. bak} which expands to cp somefile somefile. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansion. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution done in a left-to-right fashion ; word splitting; and filename expansion.

For example, a range like { Use seq or a for loop instead, e. Use man ascii for a good ASCII table, with hex and decimal values. For general encoding info, man unicode , man utf-8 , and man latin1 are helpful. Use screen or tmux to multiplex the screen, especially useful on remote ssh sessions and to detach and re-attach to a session.

byobu can enhance screen or tmux by providing more information and easier management. A more minimal alternative for session persistence only is dtach. In ssh, knowing how to port tunnel with -L or -D and occasionally -R is useful, e. to access web sites from a remote server.

A wide partisan divide exists: most Democrats and independents say their financial situation is about the same as a year ago, while solid majorities of Republicans say they are worse off. By Jonathan Ayestas. fortune , ddate , and sl : um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful". In addition to the lack of satisfaction with the way democracy is working, Californians are divided about whether Americans of different political positions can still come together and work out their differences. It allows Indian tribes and affiliated businesses to operate online and mobile sports wagering outside tribal lands. ab or wrk : benchmarking web servers.

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